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. Tên gọi khác: Axit Frohydric, HF, Frohydric acid
. Tổng quan Axit Frohydric – HF.
Đặc tính: Axit flohiđric là một dung dịch của hydrogen fluoride (HF) trong nước, Cùng với hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid là một nguồn flo quý giá, là chất tiền thân của nhiều dược phẩm, polymer (ví dụ Teflon), và phần lớn các chất tổng hợp có chứa flo. Người ta biết đến axit này nhiều nhất là khả năng hòa tan kính của nó do axit này tác dụng với SiO2, thành phần chính của kính. Quá trình hòa tan có thể miêu tả như sau:
SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)
SiO2(s) + 6HF(aq) → H2[SiF6](aq) + 2H2O(l)
Bởi tính chất phản ứng mạnh với kính, axit flohidric thường được lưu chứa trong các bình nhựa polyethylene hoặc Teflon. Nó cũng đặc trưng bởi khả năng hòa tan nhiều kim loại và oxit của các á kim.
. Ứng dụng:
Lọc dầu.
Trong một tiêu chuẩn nhà máy lọc dầu quá trình được gọi là ankyl hóa , isobutane Alkylated với trọng lượng phân tử thấp các alkene (chủ yếu là một hỗn hợp của propylen , butylen ) trong sự hiện diện của chất xúc tác acid mạnh có nguồn gốc từ acid HF. Chất xúc tác protonates các alkene (propylen, butylen) để sản xuất carbocations phản ứng , mà alkylate isobutane. Phản ứng này được thực hiện ở nhiệt độ nhẹ (0 và 30 ° C) trong một phản ứng hai giai đoạn.
fluoride trong môi trường, công nghệ thay thế đang được tìm kiếm. Florua vô cơ khác được chuẩn bị từ acid HF bao gồm sodium fluoride và hexafluoride uranium .
Chất ăn mòn và làm sạch
Khả năng của acid HF để hòa tan các oxit kim loại là cơ sở của một số ứng dụng. Nó loại bỏ các tạp chất oxit từ thép không gỉ, một quá trình được gọi là tẩy, và các tấm wafersilicon trong ngành công nghiệp chất bán dẫn. Về vấn đề này cũng được gọi là BHF, (khi đệm với Fluoride Amoni), và BOE (cho Oxide đệm Etch). Nó là một thành phần quan trọng của Wright Etch và HNA tương tự (HF + Nitric + Acetic Acid) etch. Theo cách tương tự, nó cũng được sử dụng để etch kính . Gel axit 5% đến 9% HF cũng thường được sử dụng để etch tất cả các phục hồi nha khoa gốm để cải thiện liên kết. Đối với lý do tương tự, pha loãng axít flohiđric là một thành phần của hộ gia đình tẩy vết gỉ và xe rửa"sạch bánh xe" các hợp chất. HF axit tấn công thủy tinh bằng cách phản ứng với silicon dioxide để tạo thành các florua silicon khí hoặc hòa tan trong nước. Quá trình này giải thể tiến hành như sau:
SiO 2 + 4 HF → SIF 4 (g) + 2 H 2 O
SiO 2 + 6 HF → H 2 SIF 6 + 2 H 2 O
Bởi vì khả năng hòa tan oxit sắt cũng như silica-chất gây ô nhiễm, axit HF được sử dụng trước khi vận hành nồi hơi sản xuất hơi nước áp suất cao.
Ứng dụng phá đá
Bởi vì khả năng của mình để hòa tan các oxit, axit HF là hữu ích cho việc giải thể các mẫu đá (thường là bột) trước khi phân tích. Theo cách tương tự, axit này được sử dụng trong macerations axit để trích xuất các hóa thạch hữu cơ từ các loại đá silicat. Fossiliferous đá có thể được nhúng trực tiếp vào acid, hoặc một bộ phim cellulose nitrate có thể được áp dụng (giải thể trong acetate amilic), tuân thủ các thành phần hữu cơ và cho phép đá bị giải thể xung quanh nó.
Pha loãng axít flohiđric (1-3% khối lượng) được sử dụng trong ngành công nghiệp dầu khí trong hỗn hợp với axit (HCl hoặc acid hữu cơ) để kích thích sản xuất của nước, dầu, và các giếng khí đốt đặc biệt, nơi đá sa thạch được tham gia
Acid HF cũng được sử dụng bởi một số nhà sưu tập các chai thủy tinh cổ để loại bỏ cái gọi là bệnh từ thủy tinh, gây ra bởi axit (thường là trong đất chai được chôn cất tại) tấn công các nội dung soda của kính.
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Aust bombing victim questions howard on iraq policy. (Jenny Starrs/The Washington Post)
So the U.S. Congress, anxious about the threat posed by Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, passed a resolution last month authorizing U.S. forces to kill or seize suspected terrorists without trial, despite the fact that U.S. officials have said the mission is essentially meaningless.
And in the face of growing indications that U.S. and British air power may be failing to achieve their objectives in Syria, the question is being raised as to whether Washington is losing out on much-needed leverage to persuade Moscow to play a more active role in the campaign against Islamic State.
For many of the administration's allies, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, who see the Obama administration's reluctance to commit military force against a key terrorist target — one that includes Russian forces and allied Shiite militias — as too narrow, the president's decision to turn back now is a sign that he is not willing to use greater force to try to resolve the crisis — a development they say will create another flashpoint with Moscow.
"The situation has gotten out of hand and everyone can see the reality, and everybody is having a great deal of concern in what it will cost, and not enough in what it will do," said Ramez Naamat, the chief of staff to the Saudi defense minister, who is among the administration's biggest boosters in Moscow. "We're going to have to figure out a way of getting the United States to participate and to be active to do the right thing.... So it's a difficult situation."
Trump made a direct, public appeal to Russia earlier this month for help in defeating Islamic State militants in Syria, and his administration has indicated little appetite for further U.S. involvement there. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who was Trump's national security adviser, will meet Thursday with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al-Moallem.
A senior administration official noted that Tillerson's trip is to be at the latest in an ongoing effort to forge an international coalition to fight the Islamic State, but only after an agreement in principle with Russia to lift a temporary military ban on supplying weapons to Syrian rebels. The United States and its allies have resisted calls by allies to provide arms and funds to Syria's moderate rebels because they fear Moscow could deploy more powerful forces against civilians in places such as Raqqa, the Islamic State's de facto capital in eastern Syria.
But the official said that while Tillerson, and any senior national security adviser, will meet Wednesday with Lavrov and al-Moallem — who will present an analysis of a Syrian offensive targeting Islamic State in an air base near the capital — there is little time to pla
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Warringah motion fails to pass, MPs reject government proposal to ban 'bikie' groups
Updated
Opposition parties say the Government's motion to ban "bikie" group The Jungle would violate the Racial Discrimination Act.
Key points The motion, approved last week, calls for banning members of the "Bikie Bandits" (aka the "Jungle Mafia")
It would require them to register as a dangerous criminal
"Bikie" gangs have been linked to multiple sexual assaults and dozens more shootings since 2012
It seeks tougher penalties against members who seek to "invade the land and homes of Indigenous Australians"
The motion passed by a vote of 172 to 172 on Saturday evening and will now go to cabinet, but would be voted on by the House of Representatives.
Cabinet will discuss the proposal alongside the Government, the Greens and others later in the day.
Minister for Employment, Greg Hunt told Parliament the ban would not breach existing legislation, which would "protect Australian children and their communities and communities".
He told the Joint Standing Committee on Justice and Equality the issue at hand "wasn't about banning bikies" but rather preventing "illegal activities that do a great deal of harm, to young and vulnerable Australians".
He said he had been "willing to explore ways of making sure there are tougher laws for the community and the Government has given me the opportunity to do that".
Under the existing laws, convicted bikies would have to register with the police.
But that means there is a great deal of uncertainty for Indigenous families, who may be unsure when and how to report these incidents.
"I'm going to have to be absolutely clear that no person will be able to engage in this activity or get away with this," Mr Hunt said.
It is unclear what measures The Jungle would be required to report in.
It is unclear how far it would be removed from the criminal law if the Parliament had not approved it.
Clergy at the church have also voiced anger at the Government's proposals.
The motion is being seen as a veiled threat by the Bishop of the area in the Western Australian state of Western Australia who has been critical of the policy.
Topics: religion-and-beliefs, indigenous-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander, laws, federal---state-issues, laws-crime-and-justice, brisbane-4000
First posted
So the U.S. Congress, anxious about the threat posed by Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, passed a resolution last month authorizing U.S. forces to kill or seize suspected terrorists without trial, despite the fact that U.S. officials have said the mission is essentially meaningless.
And in the face of growing indications that U.S. and British air power may be failing to achieve their objectives in Syria, the question is being raised as to whether Washington is losing out on much-needed leverage to persuade Moscow to play a more active role in the campaign against Islamic State.
For many of the administration's allies, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, who see the Obama administration's reluctance to commit military force against a key terrorist target — one that includes Russian forces and allied Shiite militias — as too narrow, the president's decision to turn back now is a sign that he is not willing to use greater force to try to resolve the crisis — a development they say will create another flashpoint with Moscow.
"The situation has gotten out of hand and everyone can see the reality, and everybody is having a great deal of concern in what it will cost, and not enough in what it will do," said Ramez Naamat, the chief of staff to the Saudi defense minister, who is among the administration's biggest boosters in Moscow. "We're going to have to figure out a way of getting the United States to participate and to be active to do the right thing.... So it's a difficult situation."
Trump made a direct, public appeal to Russia earlier this month for help in defeating Islamic State militants in Syria, and his administration has indicated little appetite for further U.S. involvement there. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who was Trump's national security adviser, will meet Thursday with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al-Moallem.
A senior administration official noted that Tillerson's trip is to be at the latest in an ongoing effort to forge an international coalition to fight the Islamic State, but only after an agreement in principle with Russia to lift a temporary military ban on supplying weapons to Syrian rebels. The United States and its allies have resisted calls by allies to provide arms and funds to Syria's moderate rebels because they fear Moscow could deploy more powerful forces against civilians in places such as Raqqa, the Islamic State's de facto capital in eastern Syria.
But the official said that while Tillerson, and any senior national security adviser, will meet Wednesday with Lavrov and al-Moallem — who will present an analysis of a Syrian offensive targeting Islamic State in an air base near the capital — there is little time to pla
더킹카지노
카지노
Warringah motion fails to pass, MPs reject government proposal to ban 'bikie' groups
Updated
Opposition parties say the Government's motion to ban "bikie" group The Jungle would violate the Racial Discrimination Act.
Key points The motion, approved last week, calls for banning members of the "Bikie Bandits" (aka the "Jungle Mafia")
It would require them to register as a dangerous criminal
"Bikie" gangs have been linked to multiple sexual assaults and dozens more shootings since 2012
It seeks tougher penalties against members who seek to "invade the land and homes of Indigenous Australians"
The motion passed by a vote of 172 to 172 on Saturday evening and will now go to cabinet, but would be voted on by the House of Representatives.
Cabinet will discuss the proposal alongside the Government, the Greens and others later in the day.
Minister for Employment, Greg Hunt told Parliament the ban would not breach existing legislation, which would "protect Australian children and their communities and communities".
He told the Joint Standing Committee on Justice and Equality the issue at hand "wasn't about banning bikies" but rather preventing "illegal activities that do a great deal of harm, to young and vulnerable Australians".
He said he had been "willing to explore ways of making sure there are tougher laws for the community and the Government has given me the opportunity to do that".
Under the existing laws, convicted bikies would have to register with the police.
But that means there is a great deal of uncertainty for Indigenous families, who may be unsure when and how to report these incidents.
"I'm going to have to be absolutely clear that no person will be able to engage in this activity or get away with this," Mr Hunt said.
It is unclear what measures The Jungle would be required to report in.
It is unclear how far it would be removed from the criminal law if the Parliament had not approved it.
Clergy at the church have also voiced anger at the Government's proposals.
The motion is being seen as a veiled threat by the Bishop of the area in the Western Australian state of Western Australia who has been critical of the policy.
Topics: religion-and-beliefs, indigenous-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander, laws, federal---state-issues, laws-crime-and-justice, brisbane-4000
First posted
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Trade minister begins india free trade talks having signed china free trade agreement. India has agreed to be a signatory to the china free trade agreement. pic.twitter.com/8HUX8XkN3k — The Times of India (@TheTimesofIndia) October 26, 2015
There are many reasons why India will welcome the trade and economic agreements signed between the two countries under the deal. The first is that these agreements allow for greater trade in defence equipment and other defence related products. China has previously had agreements with India. With the new agreements, India can also increase its defence production in its areas. However, for India to benefit, the agreements are needed to ensure that the defence exports and production are not blocked.
Another reason why India has agreed to be a signatory to the china free trade agreement is the fact that it is a global economy that produces over 85% of all goods exports globally. If India is able to import goods in larger quantities and to increase its exports to countries like China, it can be able to expand its business in the world economy.
India is a country which is going to be facing problems in attracting foreign investment, because India's high barriers to entry and high regulations and regulations, which make it difficult for Indian companies to compete, makes it hard to find business for Indian companies here. A global economy cannot operate without foreign investment as a part of its development agenda. The economic issues of India are being addressed by the two countries under the agreement as long as the trade agreements are signed.
India has said that it will keep pushing for the free trade agreement with China as a part of its economic development plans. While the agreement has come out of the Indian cabinet and it is only a proposal under negotiation, some say that the Indian government has put much effort in its efforts to woo China to sign an agreement with India. This would help it in getting more investment in its economy, in terms of more manufacturing. However, some say that the agreement has been signed only in terms of economic development and its economic impact, not as part of its global development agenda.
China has been working on the Asia-Pacific free trade agreement since 2009. The agreement was signed in April 2013 which is the third round of the talks between the two countries. Both sides are also discussing the bilateral agreement in China, and there has been no concrete move. However, with the agreement on economic development and global trade, the two countries are set for more cooperation with each other than previously agreed.
What is the economic relationship between India and China? The trade agreements between the two countries are based on mutual interests and mutual benefit of both countries, and each seeks to realize the other's economic opportunities and growth potential.
The economic links between India and China have been buil
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Australias first indigenous opera is coming to a close and the theatre industry has finally recognized her. A star is born." And so it will be. The stage's latest star is Kaitlin Smith. She will star as the young Kaitlin in Kaitlin and The Bear and its Friends.
Now playing: Watch this: It's time for Kaitlin Smith to make a mark at the Winnipeg Opera Hall
The star who will get a whole new audience will be Tiaan Davies, who has been cast as the young Kaitlin in her own play, The Last of the Old. You can see the other stars in the Winnipeg Opera Hall's 2016 lineup here:
There are many reasons why India will welcome the trade and economic agreements signed between the two countries under the deal. The first is that these agreements allow for greater trade in defence equipment and other defence related products. China has previously had agreements with India. With the new agreements, India can also increase its defence production in its areas. However, for India to benefit, the agreements are needed to ensure that the defence exports and production are not blocked.
Another reason why India has agreed to be a signatory to the china free trade agreement is the fact that it is a global economy that produces over 85% of all goods exports globally. If India is able to import goods in larger quantities and to increase its exports to countries like China, it can be able to expand its business in the world economy.
India is a country which is going to be facing problems in attracting foreign investment, because India's high barriers to entry and high regulations and regulations, which make it difficult for Indian companies to compete, makes it hard to find business for Indian companies here. A global economy cannot operate without foreign investment as a part of its development agenda. The economic issues of India are being addressed by the two countries under the agreement as long as the trade agreements are signed.
India has said that it will keep pushing for the free trade agreement with China as a part of its economic development plans. While the agreement has come out of the Indian cabinet and it is only a proposal under negotiation, some say that the Indian government has put much effort in its efforts to woo China to sign an agreement with India. This would help it in getting more investment in its economy, in terms of more manufacturing. However, some say that the agreement has been signed only in terms of economic development and its economic impact, not as part of its global development agenda.
China has been working on the Asia-Pacific free trade agreement since 2009. The agreement was signed in April 2013 which is the third round of the talks between the two countries. Both sides are also discussing the bilateral agreement in China, and there has been no concrete move. However, with the agreement on economic development and global trade, the two countries are set for more cooperation with each other than previously agreed.
What is the economic relationship between India and China? The trade agreements between the two countries are based on mutual interests and mutual benefit of both countries, and each seeks to realize the other's economic opportunities and growth potential.
The economic links between India and China have been buil
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Australias first indigenous opera is coming to a close and the theatre industry has finally recognized her. A star is born." And so it will be. The stage's latest star is Kaitlin Smith. She will star as the young Kaitlin in Kaitlin and The Bear and its Friends.
Now playing: Watch this: It's time for Kaitlin Smith to make a mark at the Winnipeg Opera Hall
The star who will get a whole new audience will be Tiaan Davies, who has been cast as the young Kaitlin in her own play, The Last of the Old. You can see the other stars in the Winnipeg Opera Hall's 2016 lineup here:
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What’s the shadiest thing you’ve seen someone do?
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