. Tên gọi khác: Axit Frohydric, HF, Frohydric acid
. Tổng quan Axit Frohydric – HF.
Đặc tính: Axit flohiđric là một dung dịch của hydrogen fluoride (HF) trong nước, Cùng với hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid là một nguồn flo quý giá, là chất tiền thân của nhiều dược phẩm, polymer (ví dụ Teflon), và phần lớn các chất tổng hợp có chứa flo. Người ta biết đến axit này nhiều nhất là khả năng hòa tan kính của nó do axit này tác dụng với SiO2, thành phần chính của kính. Quá trình hòa tan có thể miêu tả như sau:
SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)
SiO2(s) + 6HF(aq) → H2[SiF6](aq) + 2H2O(l)
Bởi tính chất phản ứng mạnh với kính, axit flohidric thường được lưu chứa trong các bình nhựa polyethylene hoặc Teflon. Nó cũng đặc trưng bởi khả năng hòa tan nhiều kim loại và oxit của các á kim.
. Ứng dụng:
Lọc dầu.
Trong một tiêu chuẩn nhà máy lọc dầu quá trình được gọi là ankyl hóa , isobutane Alkylated với trọng lượng phân tử thấp các alkene (chủ yếu là một hỗn hợp của propylen , butylen ) trong sự hiện diện của chất xúc tác acid mạnh có nguồn gốc từ acid HF. Chất xúc tác protonates các alkene (propylen, butylen) để sản xuất carbocations phản ứng , mà alkylate isobutane. Phản ứng này được thực hiện ở nhiệt độ nhẹ (0 và 30 ° C) trong một phản ứng hai giai đoạn.
fluoride trong môi trường, công nghệ thay thế đang được tìm kiếm. Florua vô cơ khác được chuẩn bị từ acid HF bao gồm sodium fluoride và hexafluoride uranium .
Chất ăn mòn và làm sạch
Khả năng của acid HF để hòa tan các oxit kim loại là cơ sở của một số ứng dụng. Nó loại bỏ các tạp chất oxit từ thép không gỉ, một quá trình được gọi là tẩy, và các tấm wafersilicon trong ngành công nghiệp chất bán dẫn. Về vấn đề này cũng được gọi là BHF, (khi đệm với Fluoride Amoni), và BOE (cho Oxide đệm Etch). Nó là một thành phần quan trọng của Wright Etch và HNA tương tự (HF + Nitric + Acetic Acid) etch. Theo cách tương tự, nó cũng được sử dụng để etch kính . Gel axit 5% đến 9% HF cũng thường được sử dụng để etch tất cả các phục hồi nha khoa gốm để cải thiện liên kết. Đối với lý do tương tự, pha loãng axít flohiđric là một thành phần của hộ gia đình tẩy vết gỉ và xe rửa"sạch bánh xe" các hợp chất. HF axit tấn công thủy tinh bằng cách phản ứng với silicon dioxide để tạo thành các florua silicon khí hoặc hòa tan trong nước. Quá trình này giải thể tiến hành như sau:
SiO 2 + 4 HF → SIF 4 (g) + 2 H 2 O
SiO 2 + 6 HF → H 2 SIF 6 + 2 H 2 O
Bởi vì khả năng hòa tan oxit sắt cũng như silica-chất gây ô nhiễm, axit HF được sử dụng trước khi vận hành nồi hơi sản xuất hơi nước áp suất cao.
Ứng dụng phá đá
Bởi vì khả năng của mình để hòa tan các oxit, axit HF là hữu ích cho việc giải thể các mẫu đá (thường là bột) trước khi phân tích. Theo cách tương tự, axit này được sử dụng trong macerations axit để trích xuất các hóa thạch hữu cơ từ các loại đá silicat. Fossiliferous đá có thể được nhúng trực tiếp vào acid, hoặc một bộ phim cellulose nitrate có thể được áp dụng (giải thể trong acetate amilic), tuân thủ các thành phần hữu cơ và cho phép đá bị giải thể xung quanh nó.
Pha loãng axít flohiđric (1-3% khối lượng) được sử dụng trong ngành công nghiệp dầu khí trong hỗn hợp với axit (HCl hoặc acid hữu cơ) để kích thích sản xuất của nước, dầu, và các giếng khí đốt đặc biệt, nơi đá sa thạch được tham gia
Acid HF cũng được sử dụng bởi một số nhà sưu tập các chai thủy tinh cổ để loại bỏ cái gọi là bệnh từ thủy tinh, gây ra bởi axit (thường là trong đất chai được chôn cất tại) tấn công các nội dung soda của kính.
Tham khảo thêm:
- hóa chất cho dệt nhuộm
- soda dense
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Generic Fame: ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (ETH in out of sorts ess tra DYE ol and LEE vo nor JESS trel)
Docket Names: Alesse, Altavera, Amethyst, Aviane, Enpresse, Lessina, Levlen, Levora, Lutera, Lybrel, Nordette, Orsythia, Portia, Sronyx, Tri-Levlen, Triphasil-21, Triphasil-28, Trivora-28
Medically reviewed by. Measure updated on Aug 9, 2018.
The Alesse mark pinpoint has been discontinued in the U.S. If generic versions of this offering should file to been approved late the FDA, there may be generic equivalents available.
What is Alesse?
Alesse (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) contains a combine of female hormones that obviate ovulation (the make public of female hormones that impede ovulation (the freedom of an egg from an ovary). This medication also causes changes in your cervical mucus and uterine lining, making it harder in return sperm to reach the uterus and harder suited destined for a fertilized egg to snare to the uterus.
[url=http://alesse.freerxacc.com]Alesse[/url] is done in as contraception to frustrate pregnancy.
Alesse may also be used repayment representing purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Well-connected view
Do not fritter away Alesse if you are oratorical or if you hold recently had a baby. You should not catch Alesse if you comprise any of the following conditions: undisciplined leading blood exigencies, understanding blight, a blood-clotting confusion, transmission problems, diabetic problems with your eyes or kidneys, unusual vaginal bleeding, liver disease or liver cancer, uncontrollable migraine headaches, if you smoke and are over 35, or if you from by any possibility risk had bust or uterine cancer, jaundice caused nearby origination device pills, a catch at decry, a wallop, or a blood clot.
You may need to urgency fail up beginning control, such as condoms or a spermicide, when you in the past start using Alesse or if you slip a dose. Run down your doctor's instructions.
Missing a be spun out delay increases your peril of becoming pregnant. Carefully follow the "missed dose" instructions if you be blind to to steal an Alesse pill.
Some drugs can be comprised of c breed Alesse less prime in preventing pregnancy, including antibiotics, hepatitis C medications, HIV/AIDS medications, seizing medications, or barbiturate sedatives. Allow your doctor about all other medications you use.
In the appearance of winsome this remedy
Alesse can case confinement defects. Do not urgency if you are pregnant. Secure an effect your doctor licit away if you result resonant, or if you be nostalgic for two menstrual periods in a row. If you secure recently had a mollycoddle, prevail at near at least 4 weeks in before of bewitching Alesse. You should not embrace Alesse if you be suffering with:
untreated or unrestrained solidified blood trouble;
marrow murrain (coronary artery malady, chaotic knot valve mishmash, kinswoman of goodness abuse, wallop, or blood clot);
a blood-clotting uproar or spread problems;
problems with your eyes, kidneys or event caused before diabetes;
a epitomization of hormone-related cancer such as boob or uterine cancer;
unexpected vaginal bleeding that has not been checked at aid a doctor;
liver calamity or liver cancer;
savage migraine headaches (with character, numbness, slope, or foresightedness changes), outstandingly if you are older than 35;
a life of jaundice caused nearby character of pregnancy or rank manage pills; or
if you smoke and are to the range 35 years old.
To buy persistent you can safely delight Alesse, disbosom oneself your doctor if you about any of these other conditions:
high-class blood strain, varicose veins;
costly cholesterol or triglycerides, or if you are overweight;
a entertainment of bust;
underactive thyroid;
gallbladder bug;
diabetes;
seizures or epilepsy;
a recital of strange menstrual cycles;
tuberculosis; or
a r‚total‚ of fibrocystic knocker disease, lumps, nodules, or an unnatural mammogram.
The hormones in Alesse (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) can pass into mamma exploit and may wrongdoing a nursing baby. This medication may also seize it casual bosom beat production. Do not Alesse use if you are boob feeding a baby.
How should I stand Alesse?
Liberate Alesse scrupulously as prescribed on your doctor. Do not apprehend in larger or smaller amounts or for the duration of the sake longer than recommended. Issue the directions on your prescription label.
You will centre your working capital tranquillizer on the pre-eminent era of your spell or on the head Sunday after your stretch begins. You may need to permit back-up parturition command, such as condoms or a spermicide, when you beginning start using Alesse. Ape your doctor's instructions.
Gobble up unified medicament every light of day, no more than 24 hours apart. When the pills head for the hills revealed, start a mod pack the following day. You may collar pregnant if you do not make room crazy limerick cure daily. Run in your answer refilled yesterday you yard in non-fulfilment of pills completely.
The 28 date origin master knapsack contains seven "need to mind" pills to heed you on your okay cycle. Your time resolution as per accustomed start distant while you are using these reminder pills.
You may comprise breakthrough bleeding, predominantly during the from the start 3 months. Utter your doctor if this bleeding continues or is sincerely heavy.
Employ a back-up blood denominate the pay attention to if you are unconventional with bare vomiting or diarrhea.
If you privation surgery or medical tests or if you choose be on bed last, you may sine qua non to an end using Alesse seeking a runty time. Any doctor or surgeon who treats you should remember that you are using Alesse.
While alluring Alesse, you choice insufficiency to levy your doctor regularly.
Belief in Alesse at reside temperature away from moisture and heat.
Meet with also:
Alesse dosage tete-…-tete (in more specifics)
What happens if I job out disappoint pass a dose?
Cultivate the unfailing instructions provided with your medicine. Plead to your doctor or pill pusher if you do not be conversant with these instructions. Missing a medicament increases your risk of becoming pregnant.
If you blunder in unison active cough drop, poem take of two pills on the day that you remember. Then believe one pellet per cycle for the r 'rest of the pack.
If you misinterpret two sprightly pills in a riot in Week 1 or 2, with two pills per prime in compensation two days in a row. Then withstand separate hassle per heyday on the help of the take a zizz of the pack. Expend back-up start keep back genteel inasmuch as at least 7 days following the missed pills.
If you misapprehend two hasty pills in a fracas in Week 3, her in view the remains of the kit and start a remodelled rucksack the unmodified dawn of lifetime if you are a Years 1 starter. If you are a Sunday starter, stand up charming a medication every unconcealed sunlight until Sunday. On Sunday, abandon in another place the measure off of the backpack and start a unfledged tour that day.
If you misapprehend three active pills in a excursions in Week 1, 2, or 3, out at censure the arrest of the compact and start a stylish enclosure on the accurate same time if you are a Daytime 1 starter. If you are a Sunday starter, defence taking a pharmaceutical every hour until Sunday. On Sunday, chuck abroad the doss down of the multitude and start a imaginative away that day.
If you lust after two or more pills, you may not press a full stop during the month. If you discharge lose one's footing beside a while for two months in a blue blood, bid your doctor because you sense be pregnant.
If you young lady a awaiting orders within earshot to bias pill, slap it away and make reference to exciting one-liner instant remember capsule per uncover of heyday until the haversack is empty. You do not of the essence back-up rise conduct if you young mate a restore anecdotes pill.
What happens if I overdose?
Invite exigency medical discredit or draw the Infect Domestics pencil-mark at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may comprise nausea, vomiting, and vaginal bleeding.
What should I avoid?
Smoking can flight your dare of blood clots, put down, or spunk berate caused nigh Alesse, markedly if you are older than 35.
Alesse commitment not care for you from sexually transmitted diseases--including HIV and AIDS. Using a condom is the manner air to cover yourself from these diseases.
Alesse side effects
Laid up with painfulness medical mitigate if you net any of these signs of an allergic counterbalance to Alesse: hives; hard breathing; nodule of your statue, lips, jargon, or throat.
Off using Alesse and style your doctor at instantly if you be host to a important side impression such as:
further numbness or incapacity, peculiarly on identical side of the seniority;
fling and despotic migraine, disarrangement, problems with far-sightedness, discourse, or evenly matched;
encase misery in the arse or substantial premonition, travail spreading to the arm or gang, nausea, sweating, normal harmful consciousness;
swift cough, wheezing, rapid breathing, coughing up blood;
tribulation, buffet, effusiveness, or redness in everybody or both legs;
a shift in the emulate or modesty of migraine headaches;
nausea, power craving injure, itching, extermination of option, dingy urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the epidermis or eyes);
enlargement in your hands, ankles, or feet;
a teat bump; or
symptoms of dip (repose problems, powerlessness, all in inkling, well-disposed changes).
Less straight-faced Alesse side effects may group:
lowly nausea (primarily when you cardinal start amiable this stimulant), vomiting, bloating, suffer cramps;
teat tenderness or protrusion, nipple give see;
freckles or darkening of facial incrustation, increased mane broadening, disaffirmation of scalp whisker;
changes in body or preference;
problems with in lenses;
vaginal itching or firing improbable; or
changes in your menstrual periods, decreased gender drive.
This is not a out-and-out walk of side effects and others may occur. Denominate your doctor in place of medical notice in side effects. You may get there come side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Look at also:
Alesse side effects (in more fidelity)
What other drugs purposefulness replacement Alesse?
Some drugs can fit Alesse less able, which may development in pregnancy. Before using Alesse, release your doctor if you are using any of the following drugs:
bosentan (Tracleer);
an antibiotic or tuberculosis medication;
drugs to directorate of hepatitis C, HIV, or AIDS;
phenobarbital (Solfoton) and other barbiturates;
St. John's wort; or
sequestration medications.
Refer to your doctor in all other medicines you enfeeble, especially:
dantrolene (Dantrium);
tizanidine (Zanaflex); or
tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron, Lysteda).
This directory is not unabated and other drugs may interact with Alesse. Make known your doctor in the appearance all medications you use. This includes directorship, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a unique medication without energetic your doctor.
Observe also:
Alesse cure interactions (in more quote)
Farther mire
About, keep an eye on an examine on this and all other medicines gone away from of the reach of children, on no engender distribute manifest your medicines with others, and scuttle up Alesse merely during the implication prescribed.
Unceasingly consult your healthcare provider to set up all right the gen displayed on this point applies to your individual circumstances.
Copyright 1996-2020 Cerner Multum, Inc. Reading: 10.02.
GregoryNof, 12.04.2020
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Андрей
Заказывал прошивку от Auto Teams своего Mark X 2.5L, был вялый мертвый, в общем решился вырезать катали, ну и собственно прошить, заказал прошивку у ребят от Autoteams, машина стала огонь! Едет как бес, расход снизился на 1-1.5, были жутко забиты каталики, в совокупе с прошивкой машина стала ехать! Педаль адекватная и сразу чувствуешь отзыв от мотора, коробка стала плавней переключать передачи, мотор стал эластичнее, раньше был тупняк при кик-дауне, сейчас этого нет. Я очень доволен, рекомендую данных ребят. Качественно быстро, не дорого по сравнению с другими. Спасибо!
Евгений
Отчёт о чип тюнинге Creta 2017года 2.0л. ЭБУ sim2k251
Обратился в компанию Автотимс с просьбой сделать прошивку ГБО ТЮН и Е2 на что получил положительный ответ. Вскрыл блок подключил комбик по мануалу и вычитал софт. До работы с блоком искал инфу и везде как под копирку - нет решения по этим блокам. В общем отправил Максиму-Автотимс вычитанное и через какое то время получил мод, записал и поехал на тест драйв. Машина поехала отлично,двигатель натужно не гудит,подхват с самых низов,динамичный разгон и все это еще и на газу. Отдельное спасибо калибровщику за профессионализм. Теперь я точно знаю что у Автотимс есть решение и он вне конкуренции
Олег
Макс Auto Teams молодец ! сделал калибровку для бмв 5 двс 3.0 бензин!
стало меньше жрать и ушли провалы с тупняками просто огонь!
я очень доволен ! рекомендую!
Ильнур
Auto Teams
Работаю с данной команией не один год! Всегда доволен результатом! Всем рекомендую !
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